L'intrus

Odd one out: être or avoir in the passé composé?

Aller, venir, partir… manger? In each row, three verbs take être in the passé composé and one takes avoir. Find the intruder.

In short

A small group of non-pronominal verbs use être in their intransitive movement or change-of-state uses: aller, venir, partir, arriver, naître, mourir, rester, tomber…. Pronominal verbs also use être. Most other non-pronominal verbs use avoir: j'ai mangé, j'ai couru, j'ai vécu. In this activity, read bare movement verbs as someone moving, with no direct object.

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A woman carries groceries up an apartment staircase.
The stairway gives context to elle est montée and elle a monté les courses. Illustration: Atelier

Find the avoir verb: movement without a direct object

Tap the word that doesn't belong in each row.

Which verbs take être in the passé composé?

With the non-pronominal être verbs illustrated here, the past participle agrees with the subject. Pronominal agreement needs a separate check: compare elles se sont lavées and elles se sont parlé. Elle est partie, ils sont arrivés, nous sommes resté·e·s.

Some être verbs switch to avoir when they have a direct object: je suis sorti·e (I went out) but j'ai sorti la poubelle (I took the bin out). Same for monter, descendre, passer, rentrer, retourner.

Elle est montée au 5e étage. / Elle a monté les courses.

She went up to the 5th floor. / She carried the shopping up.

  • J'ai allé au cinéma.Je suis allé·e au cinéma.

    Aller takes être.

  • Je suis couru.J'ai couru.

    Courir takes avoir.

Question 1No account needed
"She was born in 1990."

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

Elle est née en 1990.. Naître takes être. Check it in the text above.

Question 2No account needed
"I took the bins out."

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

J'ai sorti les poubelles.. With an object, sortir takes avoir.

Sources and further reading