Cheat sheet

Par or de after a French passive? A guide to the agent

Use par to name who acts, recognise aimé de tous and respecté de tous, and separate an agent from a noun complement. Includes a four-question check.

In short

Use par to name who performs a passive action: La décision a été prise par le comité. Some established expressions also allow de: Elle est respectée de tous. Learn those expressions as whole phrases; être alone never decides the preposition.

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A small French village of pale stone houses and terracotta roofs nestled amid rounded green hills, with no people or signs.
The village is entouré de collines. Illustration: Atelier

Le complément d’agent · par et de

1 · A named action: use par

In an ordinary passive event, par introduces the person or group doing the action. Turn the sentence round to see the same actor as an active subject.

La proposition a été présentée par Nora.The proposal was presented by Nora.

Nora a présenté la proposition.Nora presented the proposal.

2 · Keep de with familiar expressions

Être aimé de and être respecté de are useful established patterns. Par is also possible with these verbs; this is a choice of construction, rather than a strict action/state division.

Cette enseignante est aimée de ses élèves.This teacher is loved by her pupils.

Elle est respectée de tous.She is respected by everyone.

3 · Keep the article after par

Use par le, par la and par les. A name follows directly: par Nora. With de, the usual contractions apply: de + le → du and de + les → des.

par le publicby the audience
appréciée du publicappreciated by the audience
respectée des habitantsrespected by the residents

4 · A de phrase may belong to the noun

In la décision du comité, du comité identifies the decision. It is part of the noun phrase. The action’s agent can be someone else.

La décision du comité a été annoncée par la présidente.The committee’s decision was announced by the chairwoman.

5 · Agreement still follows the subject

The agent can be singular or plural. The participle agrees with the passive subject, so feminine plural mesures gives adoptées even with singular comité.

Les mesures ont été adoptées par le comité.The measures were adopted by the committee.

Par or de after a French passive?

Read each phrase with the word it completes
PhraseRoleQuestion answered
la décision du comitéThe decision’s identifying noun phraseWhich decision?
a été annoncée par la présidenteThe announcement and its agentWho announced it?

The committee made the decision; the chairwoman announced it. Both roles can appear in the same sentence. Likewise, être entouré de describes surroundings in Le village est entouré de collines. The hills supply a setting, rather than a person carrying out an announcement.

Question 1No account needed
Name the person who presented the proposal.La proposition a été présentée ___ Nora.

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

par. Par Nora names the person performing the presentation.

Question 2No account needed
Complete the established expression studied above.Il est respecté ___ tous.

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

de. The expression is être respecté de tous. De introduces the people whose respect is described.

Question 3No account needed
In the sentence, what does du comité identify?La décision du comité a été annoncée par la présidente.

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

Which decision is meant. Du comité belongs to la décision. The announcing agent is la présidente.

Question 4No account needed
Complete the phrase with de + le public.Cette artiste est appréciée ___.

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

du public. De + le contracts to du. Public is masculine singular.