French passive without par: focus on what happened

Build French passive sentences without naming the actor. Compare present, past and future forms, check agreements and practise with a short notice.

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In short

A French passive can end after the event: La fenêtre a été remplacée. The window receives the action, and the sentence leaves the actor unnamed. Form it with être in the right tense plus a past participle that agrees with the subject.

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A newly fitted window beside a toolbox in a French reading room.
La fenêtre a été remplacée describes the result without naming the worker. Illustration: Atelier

Can a French passive have no agent?

What comes first?
VersionSentenceFocus
ActiveUne entreprise a remplacé la fenêtre.The company doing the work.
Passive with an agentLa fenêtre a été remplacée par une entreprise.The window, then the company.
Passive with an unnamed agentLa fenêtre a été remplacée.The completed replacement.

The short passive works well in an update about repairs. Someone asks about the window, and the answer reports the repair. To ask for the missing actor, use Qui a remplacé la fenêtre ? Add a phrase with par when the actor matters: par une entreprise locale.

Keep the tense and the agreement

The posters stay feminine plural
TimePassive sentenceEnglish
Regular actionLes affiches sont imprimées chaque lundi.The posters are printed every Monday.
Completed past actionLes affiches ont été imprimées hier.The posters were printed yesterday.
Future actionLes affiches seront imprimées demain.The posters will be printed tomorrow.

The ending -ées follows les affiches in all three sentences. In the past, the full verb group is ont été imprimées: ont été is the past tense of être. Été stays unchanged, while imprimées agrees with the posters.

  • La fenêtre a été remplacé.La fenêtre a été remplacée.

    Fenêtre is feminine singular, so the participle takes -e.

  • Les affiches ont imprimées hier.Les affiches ont été imprimées hier.

    A completed past passive ^^needs ont été^^ before imprimées.

Read the notice, then rebuild each sentence

La réparation est terminée. La fenêtre a été remplacée hier. Les nouvelles affiches seront installées demain.

The repair is finished. The window was replaced yesterday. The new posters will be put up tomorrow.

The notice gives repair progress and timing. The workers’ names are left out.

Build the notice: auxiliary first, agreement second
StartComplete sentence
La fenêtre + remplacer + hierLa fenêtre a été remplacée hier.
Les affiches + imprimer + ce matinLes affiches ont été imprimées ce matin.
Les affiches + installer + demainLes affiches seront installées demain.

An action or a current state?

La porte a été fermée à 18 h.The door was closed at 6 pm.

Focus: the completed closing action

Elle a été fermée après le départ des visiteurs.
It was closed after the visitors left.

La porte est fermée.The door is closed.

Focus: the door’s current state

Nous devons passer par l’autre entrée.
We need to use the other entrance.

Question 1No account needed
What remains unnamed in this sentence?Les affiches ont été imprimées hier.

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

The person or organisation that printed them. The sentence identifies the posters and gives yesterday as the time. It leaves the actor unnamed.

Question 2No account needed
Complete the future passive.Les invitations seront ___ demain.

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

envoyées. The subject is feminine plural, so the past participle needs the feminine plural ending.

Question 3No account needed
Which sentence reports a completed repair yesterday?

Choose one answer.

Answer and explanation

La fenêtre a été réparée hier.. The first sentence uses the completed past passive and explicitly places the repair yesterday.